In November 2018, Prime Minister May’s version of the Withdrawal Agreement saw the ‘backstop’, in which the UK would align with EU rules in those areas in which the future UK-EU FTA was not close enough to avoid the need for checks/controls on the Irish border (i.e. a combination of scenario i and iii above)
In October 2019, Prime Minister Johnson negotiated a ‘frontstop’ version of the Protocol, which saw NI formally remain in the UK’s customs territory and internal market but applying the Union Customs Code and de...