While many jurisdictions have a bespoke ombudsman for police complaints, the National Ombudsman of the Netherlands assesses complaints about all 130 Garda Ombudsman (2023) GSOC Observations on the Policing, Security and Community Safety Bill 2023 Garda Ombudsman 131 Van der Vlugt, Y. (2018) “The National Ombudsman of the Netherlands and proper police conduct” in Hertogh, M. and Kirkham, R. (2018) Research Handbook on the Ombudsman Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing 39 elements of the public administration, including the police force.