For this submission the breadth of forestry-related issues – from how terrestrial carbon is always vulnerable to re-emission (i.e. issues of permanence), through to temporal differences in land and fossil-fuel carbon cycles – are considered sufficient reason to exclude NbS from compensating directly for fossil fuels emissions. 2.4 CDR to balance residual emissions from agriculture A key caveat to the role of CDR in relation to carbon dioxide budgets and fossil fuels is that emissions of all long-lived...