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Chamber and committees

Local Government and Communities Committee, 04 Nov 2009

Meeting date: Wednesday, November 4, 2009


Contents


Home Owner and Debtor Protection (Scotland) Bill: Stage 1

The Convener:

Item 2 is oral evidence on the Home Owner and Debtor Protection (Scotland) Bill at stage 1. Today we will focus on the bankruptcy aspects of the bill. I welcome the witness panel: Rachel Grant, partner at Brodies LLP, representing the Law Society of Scotland; Eric Leenders, executive director of the British Bankers Association; Maureen Leslie, partner at MLM Insolvency LLP, representing the Insolvency Practitioners Association; and Blair Nimmo, joint administrator and head of restructuring at KPMG, representing the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland. Thank you for joining us this morning.

The committee has received a lot of written evidence, which it has reviewed. In the interests of saving time we will go directly to questions. If you feel that certain areas have not been covered, I will give you an opportunity to bring them up at the end of the session.

Alasdair Allan (Western Isles) (SNP):

There is, as the convener said, no shortage of written evidence, much of which has been submitted to the committee by insolvency practitioners. I invite Maureen Leslie to say more about why so many of the evidence papers from insolvency practitioners are so hostile to certain parts of the bill. Perhaps she and other panel members could provide evidence to back up the views that the profession has expressed.

To take one example, we received a submission from Wilson Andrews, a firm of insolvency practitioners, in which strong language was used. It states:

"There is a real risk that where we currently have those who can and those who cannot pay we will be adding a third category of those who don't have to pay. The current proposals will invite debt abuse."

Does the panel share that view? If so, can you provide evidence to back it up?

Maureen Leslie (Insolvency Practitioners Association):

I will not comment on the submission from Barry Stewart of Wilson Andrews. He is not a member of the Insolvency Practitioners Association, and that area was not covered in our submission. Our main concern is that while we understand Parliament's desire to react to what it views as a homelessness crisis, it is rushing through legislation that will potentially have significant unintended consequences.

Is that the view of the other witnesses?

Rachel Grant (Law Society of Scotland):

On behalf of the Law Society, I can say that the changes that the bill will produce are quite fundamental. The proposals on excluding the matrimonial home from trust deeds was raised briefly at the debt action forum, but a consensus was reached that because those proposals involved such a fundamental change to personal insolvency and would potentially have far-reaching consequences, there should be full consultation on them. The Law Society understood that that would happen and was therefore surprised that the part 2 changes were contained in the bill. In our view, the bill exists primarily to deal with debtors who face repossession, and there is an element of urgency to get through changes to protect people in the present economic climate. However, the same urgency does not exist in relation to changing personal insolvency legislation. The bill deals with important issues that affect the fundamental rights of both debtors and creditors, and it should not be rushed through.

We need good law that is clear and understandable. That is not always easy to achieve—and it is rarely achieved when things are done in a rush. That is why the Law Society has requested—and still requests—full consultation to ensure that we get it right and that there are no unintended consequences or knock-on effects. We are looking for a coherent, joined-up approach to personal insolvency. Rather than dealing with trust deeds in isolation, we want to deal with trust deeds, sequestration and the debt arrangement scheme—indeed, the scheme is currently out to consultation.

Alasdair Allan:

I appreciate the points that have been made about consultation, and I realise that I am concentrating on one particular paper, but the points that it makes are so strongly put that it is a good place to start if we are to find out whether the views expressed enjoy support in the Parliament. It is claimed that there is

"a very real danger of moral hazard if the family home was completely withdrawn as an asset … It is not difficult to imagine a situation in which an unscrupulous debtor buys an expensive property partly funded by unsecured debt … in the full knowledge that the unsecured creditors will not be able to rely on the equity in the house towards settlement".

Is that view widely shared in your professions, or is it an isolated point of view?

Eric Leenders (British Bankers Association):

I wonder whether I might change the perspective slightly. The panel is supportive of whatever measures will help individuals who find themselves in financial difficulty and who have debt issues. In response to the point that my Law Society colleague made, there is concern that some of the potential unintended consequences could have been drawn out and reflected on more fully through a process of consultation. Some of the content of the documents that you have seen reflects an anxiety that those points have not been drawn out in that way.

In our submission, we suggested that several principles could be applied, including in situations in which debtors or borrowers are able to repay their debts—and they should always be encouraged to do so. We suggested that any changes should not necessarily prejudice people who repay their debts. There should not be a mechanism whereby the legislation can be gamed, which would not be in anyone's interests in the long run.

There is a correlation between the availability and pricing of credit and the amounts of debt that need to be written off. That point could be further drawn out—perhaps it will be in the course of this evidence session.

We found that, south of the border, particularly in relation to individual voluntary arrangements, where the market is perhaps inappropriately regulated, incentivisation may have led third parties to encourage people in financial difficulties to seek solutions that are not necessarily in the best interests of all the parties concerned. We would be keen to explore that aspect further with you, too.

Do other panel members share that view that there are lessons to be learned from the experience in England?

Blair Nimmo (Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland):

We are not in the best position to talk about that—Eric Leenders probably is. Returning to the original question about the ability of debtors to abuse the process, ICAS sees some potential for that to happen. In simplistic terms, if a householder decides to build an extension or garage with the support of a local tradesman or with the help of unsecured lending, they can put themselves into some form of restricted trust deed immediately after having built it. Theoretically, that person could retain the equity in their extension or garage at the expense of the debt that is due to the trader or lender. You can appreciate the potential for the process to be abused.

Rachel Grant:

IVAs effectively achieve the same purpose in England as trust deeds achieve in Scotland, but they are quite different creatures. It is not possible to transfer bits of the law concerning IVAs that we think are quite good into the law relating to trust deeds. That will just not work—it is a recipe for disaster. If the Government likes what happens down south and likes the IVA approach, something completely new will have to be brought in; the two things are not the same animal, and it is not possible simply to take the good bits and leave behind the bad.

I agree with Blair Nimmo that there is potential for abuse by debtors. Debtors might also be adversely affected. If creditors become aware that debtors might exclude assets and thereby potentially prejudice them, they might be encouraged to be far more proactive and aggressive in their approach. That might lead to more sequestrations, which is not necessarily a good thing because it restricts the debtor's choices.

Maureen Leslie:

I want to pick up on a point made by Rachel Grant. If the committee thinks that what is going on in England and Wales is a good thing, that is fine. I represent the IPA, which regulates a large number of practitioners in England and Wales. As Rachel said, an individual voluntary arrangement is an entirely different animal. The bill says that we can propose excluding the family home, but once that has been put into a trust deed, the only mechanism for creditors who are not happy with that is to reject it. The trust deed would therefore fail, and the only recourse that the individual would have would be to go into sequestration, which puts the family home at risk. That is the unintended consequence.

An IVA is a negotiated document whereby a debtor can put proposals to his creditors, who are entitled to propose modifications to that document, which is what happens in practice. If the committee sees the IVA process as a better process for resolving issues, it should bear in mind the fact that an IVA is a different statutory animal.

Blair Nimmo:

The knock-on impact could be that, because of the creditors' rejection of the trust deed or their more aggressive pursuit of the debt, there could be more sequestrations and more homes at risk.

The Convener:

As well as the potential for abuse and sequestration, is it too fanciful to think that what has been proposed—this point has been mentioned in some of the evidence—could lead to more stringent lending criteria and higher rates in Scotland? Could it create a two-tier lending framework, with one framework for the rest of the UK and another for Scotland? Could that be a serious unintended consequence if we go ahead with things as they stand?

Blair Nimmo:

We believe so. If a creditor has access to a debtor's home in England and Wales, but not in Scotland, the risk to the creditor is increased, and there is a price to pay for that risk. Debt will either become less available or more expensive to people in Scotland.

Is that a given? Do all the witnesses agree with that?

Maureen Leslie:

Yes.

Rachel Grant:

The Law Society agrees with that; we mentioned it in our written submission.

Eric Leenders:

Just to expand on that, we must be careful to differentiate between different sectors and classes of lender. The banks position themselves as top-tier lenders in their view of the distribution of unsecured credit. The issue of pricing might only arise at the margins, but if one were to consider the provision of credit by near-prime and sub-prime lenders, it would be a more acute consideration.

At the end of the day, only three levers can be used when one is faced with increased risks to a lending model. The first is that pricing can be increased to cover anticipated losses; the second is that access can be reduced to mitigate the risk of loss; and the third is that the first two levers can be combined. Therefore, in the lower echelons of the credit market, the consequences could be a combination of reduced access and increased pricing.

So a market in which things are already quite difficult could get worse.

David McLetchie:

I invite the witnesses to comment on the processes by which the debt action forum came to its conclusions and report.

We have heard that all the forum's members were required to take a vow of confidentiality, that there was no wider consultation with the membership of the organisations that were represented and that some bodies with a material interest, such as unsecured creditors, were excluded from participation in the process. A report was produced on that basis, and we find that we have a bill that contains proposals that were never discussed or, certainly, never agreed in the forum. Is that any way in which to make new law in Scotland in this important area?

Eric Leenders:

We participated fully in the completion of the report, on the understanding that that might lead to recommendations that would be consulted on, with some form of cost benefit analysis. The point has already been made that we seem to have missed out that middle part: a consultation and a cost benefit analysis that reflected the findings of the consultation. Given the confidentiality around the compilation of the report, we have not been able to consult our members as comprehensively as we might have wished. However, all those points are rather negative. At some point, something needs to get started. As a catalyst for debate such as we are having this morning, the report has served its purpose, to an extent.

David McLetchie:

Yes, but that is a different issue. It is no longer about having a catalyst for debate—we are considering a bill. Given your answer, is it fair to say that members of the debt action forum believed that their report and its recommendations would be the subject of a wider consultation process before the Government introduced any proposals such as those that are in the bill?

Blair Nimmo:

That is my understanding. There was a consistent view that a number of stakeholders were not involved in the discussion group and did not know that the discussions would lead to the bill that is before us. Many of the provisions in the bill were not discussed at all. Some matters, such as the key issue of the family home, were discussed, but no consensus was reached. It was agreed only that further extensive consultation was required, because of the wide-ranging impact that the proposals would have in a number of areas. Members of the forum who were involved in the discussions were surprised to see the bill in its current form.

So the Government is rushing to legislate in these areas without the support and consent of the stakeholders who were involved in the debt action forum.

Blair Nimmo:

We agree.

Rachel Grant:

That was the point that I made at the outset. In its submission, the Law Society refers to the final report, which states specifically:

"It must be noted that there was insufficient time to consider the paper in detail and some Forum members would have wished more time to reflect on the issues raised and an opportunity to fully consult with their membership on the potential impact of these issues."

The report also states:

"Members accepted that the whole subject of action against property was complicated and affected a lot of areas. They agreed that this paper contained a number of issues which should only be considered after a full public consultation."

No one is suggesting that it is wrong to explore the issues or to consider excluding assets. The point is that there will be such fundamental knock-on effects that are potentially undesirable for both debtors and creditors that full public consultation is required. Everyone here believes that that should now happen. We have the opportunity to have such consultation and we suggest that it takes place.

Mr Leenders is anxious to respond further.

Eric Leenders:

Like the Law Society of Scotland, I will rely on our written submission. In it, we reference correspondence with Fergus Ewing, as chairman of the debt action forum, in which we stated:

"Formal consultation of proposed legislative changes would of course need to extend to cover lenders not represented on the Forum as well as other interested stakeholders."

In the submission, we go on to make the point that the "recommendations" were not recommendations per se and to draw the committee's attention to the introduction to the report, which clarified the position by stating:

"Not all members have had the opportunity to fully consult internally with their parent organisations and relevant stakeholders prior to this report being prepared. The report indicates where there were areas of broad agreement and any disagreement along with specific comments made during discussions. Members recognised that further consultation will be necessary in some areas."

David McLetchie:

In fairness to the Government, the view that we need legislation is born of the consideration that the number of repossessions may increase as a result of the current economic situation and that, therefore, we need to amend the law urgently to protect people who might otherwise be adversely affected by the operation of the existing law and procedures. That is a fair summary of the Government's view on the matter.

Last week, when we asked members of the repossessions group what evidence exists that people are being evicted from their homes in a way that is prejudicial to their interests and does not give due consideration to their needs and so on, we were told that there is "very little evidence" to that effect. In fact, we were told that the evidence is barely anecdotal. Perhaps Mr Nimmo would like to comment on the following statement in the written submission from the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland:

"In a survey which included Scotland's biggest personal insolvency practitioners, there was not a single eviction by a trustee in a trust deed out of a total of 934 protected trust deeds in the past year, where the family home was an asset. There were zero forced sales."

So, there is no evidence of prejudice in relation to part 1, and the submission from the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland suggests that there is no evidence of evictions, in terms of law and practice, in relation to part 2. Why, then, are we considering the matter?

Blair Nimmo:

We carried out that study to get a proper indication of whether there was any evidence to support the idea that the legislation needs be changed to protect the family home. At meetings at which we spoke to practitioners who deal with a substantial number of such cases, the collective view was expressed that, over several years and several thousand cases, there has been very little evidence that any of us are having to force people out of their homes. We carried out that small study to get some proper evidence on the issue, and the conclusion was that there are no forced sales. To a large extent, that is because the trust deed involves a voluntary process in which the debtor enters into discussion with his trustee about where he is going. The process is, therefore, relatively consensual—it is not, as some people suggest, adversarial. In the two or three meetings that we had with the minister, we made the point that he seemed to be trying to solve a problem that does not exist.

Were those meetings with Mr Ewing?

Blair Nimmo:

Yes.

I see. According to Wilson Andrews, when Mr Ewing came along to his first meeting with the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland, he had not read your report and, at the second meeting, he refused to discuss it—is that correct?

Blair Nimmo:

To be fair, at the first meeting the view was expressed that the report had been submitted too late and that he had not had time to consider it before the meeting.

He is a slow reader.

Blair Nimmo:

At the second meeting, the view was expressed that it was so near to the introduction of the bill that it would be inappropriate for him to discuss it with us.

So, the report was never properly discussed with Mr Ewing.

Blair Nimmo:

The institute recommended that the aim of part 1—to ensure that the family home is protected—could be achieved in a relatively simple way by agreeing the protection of some de minimis level of equity, which would take 90 per cent of people out of the process. For most trust deeds, the level of equity is relatively low, so protecting a de minimis level of equity would exempt most people and achieve much of what the Government is trying to achieve by a much simpler process and without giving rise to the unintended consequences to which we have referred. Similarly, we recommended a variety of other mechanisms whereby the aim of part 2—to ensure that some form of debt relief is available to all—could be achieved by making several relatively small changes to the existing procedure that would not have any knock-on impact. To be honest, however, we did not end up having any real discussion of those issues for the reasons that I have just given.

Maureen Leslie:

Let me pick up a point that Mr Nimmo has made. First, the IPA was not invited to be a member of the debt action forum and did not even know that the forum existed. Nevertheless, we are prepared to accept that the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland could represent the interests of our members, all of whom are insolvency practitioners.

Secondly, the IPA would support any piece of legislation that produced clarity in the law—for example, by providing for a de minimis level of equity below which we should leave a case alone because the costs of dealing with it would outweigh any potential benefit to creditors. We would appreciate and support such clarity, but we had no opportunity to take part in the considerations of the debt action forum.

When we made representations in that respect, we were told that one piece of legislation would be followed by another, on which there would be wide public consultation. We were led to believe that certain elements that have now appeared in the bill were to be part of the subsequent legislation that was to be opened up to full public consultation, and we are somewhat at a loss to explain what has happened.

David McLetchie:

Is the view of the organisations represented on the panel that it would be better to include the provisions in part 2 of the bill in the forthcoming and more wide-ranging legislation that is to be the subject of consultation, and that the bill is premature, rushed and might give rise to damaging unintended consequences?

Maureen Leslie:

That is the IPA's view.

Blair Nimmo:

Speaking for ICAS, I agree entirely with that.

Rachel Grant:

As does the Law Society of Scotland.

Eric Leenders:

And my association.

Rachel Grant:

The very fact that we are having this discussion; that, as Mr Nimmo and Mrs Leslie have made clear, alternatives exist; and that, as we have confirmed, we have always been willing to work with the Government on clear good law supports the argument for full consultation.

Jim Tolson:

What effect will the bill have on advertising in the Edinburgh Gazette? We have heard that section 12, which removes certain requirements to advertise in that journal, will result in significant financial losses to the organisation and might well impact on jobs. Do the witnesses believe that the necessary information will be available and accessible in the register of insolvencies? Moreover, with regard to plans to amend protected trust deed regulations to remove further requirements to advertise such deeds in the Edinburgh Gazette, do you think that the register of insolvencies can be extended to provide a similar service?

Eric Leenders:

We were quite comfortable with those proposals, but we had not considered the point made in the submission that I think you highlight about potential financial and job losses at that newspaper.

Maureen Leslie:

I, too, had not considered the point. However, I point out that, that in notifying creditors of an insolvency event, the Edinburgh Gazette provides not only a single register for searching but a number of associated names. A creditor will have an awful lot more work to do if they have to identify and relate names in the register of insolvencies to their customer base.

From an insolvency practitioner's point of view, the most important point is that publication in the Edinburgh Gazette brings an insolvency event to public notice. That has a number of legal effects that we can rely on; for example, as a result of publication, a creditor is deemed to become aware of the information. There are other quite technical issues on which Rachel Grant might well want to comment.

Rachel Grant:

I suppose that this is another example of unintended consequences. I agree with everything that Maureen Leslie has said. A whole section of case law relates to deemed knowledge, and the idea behind trust deeds or sequestration is that the general public need to know because, obviously, those who have signed a deed or who have gone into sequestration are restricted in what they can do. Whatever form it takes, advertisement is very important. I do not know whether the register of insolvencies will achieve the same result; after all, even in this day and age, not everyone has access to computers. Moreover, how regularly will the register be updated? I think that additional legislation will be needed to clarify when deemed knowledge is deemed to have become available.

Eric Leenders:

By extension, that suggests that advertising in the Edinburgh Gazette might be of more use to the involuntary creditor—for example, the small businessman who was mentioned earlier. There are other ways for our membership to access that information.

Blair Nimmo:

I do not disagree with Maureen Leslie or Rachel Grant.

Jim Tolson:

I appreciate those comments. There seems to be concern. As Ms Leslie rightly pointed out, the Edinburgh Gazette currently puts the information in the public domain, but the Government is seeking to use a more online way of doing that through the bill. Despite the concern about not everybody having access to computers, those who want to chase debts for whatever reason will more than likely do so. I put it to the witnesses that the proposal is probably worth while, but there may be unintended consequences, as Ms Grant rightly said.

Rachel Grant:

In principle, there is no reason why the proposal should not be taken up. However, that is another example of something that should perhaps be considered more fully.

Bob Doris (Glasgow) (SNP):

There seems to be general resistance to many of the proposals in the bill. I do not mean that there is resistance to dealing with issues that exist; rather, I mean that there is resistance to the solutions that have been offered. I listened carefully to Mr McLetchie, who tried to establish whether there is a problem that needs to be solved. During the exchanges, one of the witnesses said that there is not a problem that needs to be solved, but all of you seem to be quite upset about the solutions that have been offered to solve a problem that does not exist. If the family home is not currently an issue, which is what you have said, why are you bothered about its being excluded from a protected trust deed? That does not seem to follow logically.

Rachel Grant:

Perhaps I could help. It is important to understand what protected trust deeds are and why they were introduced. We have had trust deeds for hundreds of years, but protected trust deeds were introduced in 1985. They were viewed as things that would be more acceptable to debtors. There would not be a court process or the stigma of sequestration. However, the most important thing about protected trust deeds is that the debtor is given debt forgiveness. They are discharged from their debts. Debt forgiveness is probably the most important thing from a debtor's point of view. There is also debt forgiveness with sequestrations. Debt arrangement schemes are completely different.

The creditor side of things must then be considered. If creditors were going to accept debt forgiveness for somebody who was not being sequestrated, they had to be satisfied that they would not be adversely affected. To protect creditors and ensure that they were no worse off if there was a protected trust deed, it was important that the same assets that would be available to them in a sequestration became available to them in a trust deed. That is exactly how the law is drafted at the moment.

It is being proposed that the house and possibly other assets could be excluded from the protected trust deed, but that effectively upsets the whole system, which looks to sequestration and the protected trust deed having the same consequences for both debtors and creditors. That is our concern. If the Government decides that matrimonial homes should be excluded from protected trust deeds, it seems to be sensible to exclude them from sequestration as well. The proposal as it stands puts everything out of kilter. The Law Society of Scotland is concerned about that. It is for the Government to make policy and decide where the balance lies between debtor and creditor, but a clear policy on which the law should be based seems to be missing in the proposal. I hope that that clarifies things.

Bob Doris:

Unlike my question, your answer was very clear. I appreciate that.

I want to ask about protecting the creditor in the process. Representations have been made to me. I will give an example from where I stay. Let us consider a single parent living in an £80,000 flat in Maryhill in Glasgow that may be protected by a trust deed, and someone living in a £500,000 house in leafy Edinburgh, where Mr McLetchie might stay, that is also guaranteed by a protected trust deed. I can imagine the single parent in Glasgow thinking, "I would like this flat to be guaranteed," whereas it might not be unreasonable to expect someone who stays in a highly expensive property to staircase down or to expect some level of asset to be realised by the creditor from that property even if the family stays in it. Perhaps that offers a solution for protecting creditors and ensuring that they can realise assets that it is reasonable for them to realise without making vulnerable families homeless. For example, could there be a capital ceiling on the level at which a property is secured by a protected trust deed?

Blair Nimmo:

In its submission to the minister, ICAS suggested a de minimis level of equity that would not be subject to attack by anybody. That would be one way of protecting such people without opening the system up to abuse by those with a substantial level of equity that is more than enough to pay their creditors. That proposal was not taken on board.

As the bill stands, what do debtors get out of the provisions? To a large extent, they do not get much out of them because, if sequestration stays as it is, a trust deed—which might become a restricted trust deed exempting a family home—will not be protected. That will result in a sequestration, in which the family home will be up for grabs. In that circumstance, the debtor is no better off. Similarly, creditors will be no better or worse off simply because we will be back to sequestration. Creditors are arguably less keen on that because they have less control over it and it is more costly. From the perspective of trying to balance up the interests of creditors and debtors, there is not a lot in the provisions for either party.

Bob Doris:

The point that I am driving at is that, although you might not like the solutions that have been offered and you do not feel that you have been consulted on them enough, you have made suggestions about how they could be amended to make them more workable. Assuming that the bill was to make its way through Parliament, would you be interested in further development of the idea of having a discussion on the level of equity in any property that was affected?

Blair Nimmo:

An informal protocol is under discussion with the majority creditors—the creditors who tend to be involved in a number of such cases—whereby, even if that de minimis was not legislated for, the profession as a whole could work with the lenders and agree a figure that was acceptable to all parties. It could be part of a legislative process or could sit outside it. There is a fair amount of consensus on trying to make the process work for the benefit of debtors and creditors.

Bob Doris:

That is helpful. Looking through my notes on the matter, I see that some debts will be included in protected trust deeds, but others will not, which might lead to an uneven playing field between creditors as they try to pursue debts. Who will have the advantage: a creditor whose debts are outwith the protected trust deed or one whose debts are within it? Some more information on that would be helpful.

Maureen Leslie:

That matter gives the IPA concern. I worked as a money adviser in the recession in the 1980s and I point to a potential unintended consequence of the provisions. I am certain that sub-prime lenders and others who lend to people at the margins of society—such as Provident Personal Credit, which was the big one—would seek to exclude themselves from every trust deed. Therefore, the bill may, in fact, disadvantage the people whom it tries to help.

The Convener:

How many people at the margins of society own a home with significant equity in it and how many people are evicted from a home that is worth £200,000? We have had a page or so of evidence from a money adviser that differs from all the rest. It is right to put that evidence to you. His view is that

"proposals would be helpful in protecting debtors and would not result in any detriment to the vast majority of creditors in cases where there are small amounts of equity. The practice is to some extent already prevalent in many trust deeds, with small amounts of equity being disregarded by trustees and nominal amounts being accepted for that equity, rather than full value payments. An example of this is where a third party agrees to pay £500 for £3-4,000 equity held".

He goes on to say—I will save you the pain of more quoting—that when third parties cannot be found, the debtor sometimes finds the money to make such a payment.

I understand the anxiety about not being consulted and the fact that people do not like surprises that might have an impact on their business, but what is the extent of the problem for practitioners such as you?

Blair Nimmo:

We agree totally with the quotation. In practice, the vast majority of people have no equity or have relatively small amounts of equity. The existing process deals with that—small amounts of equity are ignored and consequently the family home is not touched. That is why we have 934 cases—

Where is the beef? Where is the argument?

Blair Nimmo:

In the study that ICAS conducted, 90 per cent of cases involved less than £10,000 of equity. Such de minimis equity is already protected and an agreement could be made informally or under legislation that it would continue to be protected. However, we argue that, in the top 10 per cent, substantial equity could be involved and the measure could be open to the abuse to which we referred.

We are talking about 10 per cent.

Blair Nimmo:

A small number.

If we follow Mr McLetchie's train of thought, the issue does not arise, because not many people lose the family home and the numbers are declining all along the way. What number of cases does 10 per cent equate to?

Blair Nimmo:

We could probably find a number.

That information would be interesting, because it would allow us to focus on the issue.

Maureen Leslie:

About 8,000 trust deeds were arranged last year.

Trust deeds vary. How many of them involved significant equity, as described by Blair Nimmo?

Blair Nimmo:

More detailed research would need to be done, but if the theory is that a figure of 90 per cent applies, 90 per cent of 8,000 will have no equity over £10,000. Beyond that, equity could range dramatically from £11,000 to a substantial amount.

The Convener:

We heard evidence about unintended consequences—that the Scottish economy will be damaged, that people will lose their homes and that the system will be abused. Surely we are not a million miles away from doing work that would reassure lenders that abuse would be targeted. The measures would free thousands of people from the additional anxiety, cost and worry of losing their home. In the economic crisis, surely we as parliamentarians should pursue such a purpose.

Rachel Grant:

We do not disagree. We all agree that that aim should be achieved. Our issue with the bill is that it will not achieve what you described. Perhaps that is because the bill has been pushed through too quickly. We are all on the same side. We all agree—

The Convener:

I do not want to be overly dramatic, but the reaction from practitioners uses strong language and is excitable about the consequences. We are talking about a relatively small number of people who might abuse the system. Surely we can look forward to productive discussions between your organisations and the Government to address the issues, rather than throwing the baby out with the bath water.

Rachel Grant:

As we have said, following on from the debt action forum, our approach is that we want to work with the Government. As I said at the outset, good law is in everybody's interests.

The Convener:

We return to the question from my colleague Bob Doris. If the current proposals are unsatisfactory and make you fear the consequences that have been described, what proposals do practitioners make to address abuse and relieve people of the additional burden and fear of losing their home? Where is your contribution to bring us to the point that we all want to reach?

Blair Nimmo:

A number of parties have contributed to identifying the issues that need to be resolved in a more acceptable manner. ICAS, for one, has made a submission. It is just unfortunate that not much thought has been given to it. Although there is consensus about a number of issues, there are some sensitive issues, whose unintended consequences are not a place that you would want to be.

Eric Leenders:

One of our suggestions is that there should be discretion to consider cases individually, rather than having blanket legislation. That might be another way of achieving the same end. The equity suggestion seems a reasonable way of containing that issue as well.

Rachel Grant:

I think that we all agree on the important point that looking at trust deeds in isolation does not make sense. We should consider the whole personal insolvency arena and have joined-up, coherent legislation that is fit for purpose and serves the interests of debtors and creditors.

The point is well made, and builds on evidence from last week.

Mary Mulligan:

The evidence so far this morning has been quite helpful in explaining the technical side of what you are doing. However, to come back to David McLetchie's points, we are not having a debate; we are considering a bill, which was introduced by the Scottish Government because there were concerns about the number of people who, due to the economic circumstances, were likely to lose their homes. Last week, we heard that there was a feeling that part 1 of the bill would go some way to address that, although there were concerns that there had been insufficient consultation on it. Today, we hear that you feel that there has not been sufficient consultation on part 2 of the bill. To be honest, I wonder whether there is anything to be rescued from the bill in order to meet the aim that we have all said that we share, which is to protect people in difficult circumstances. Is there a need for this bill in order to meet that aim? Will the bill do that? If not, is there another way of addressing the issue, perhaps through a different, more effective piece of legislation?

Maureen Leslie:

We do not believe that the bill will get you to where you want to be. As I said earlier, as a practitioner, I would appreciate clarity on the issue of dealing with equity, in trust deeds and in sequestrations. In many cases in sequestration, the family home is pretty much fully secured, and there are issues there requiring trustees to abandon interests in property. We feel that good legislation would come from considering all of those issues in the round, and we would be happy to provide input to that process.

Blair Nimmo:

You would have a couple of options. You could either take some of the more simplistic, non-contentious suggestions such as imposing some sort of de minimis level of equity, and perhaps considering an adjustment to the low-income, low-asset debtor scheme to allow access by people who currently cannot access it. That can be done in the relatively short term, without any general consensus. You could then look at the wider matters as part of the consultation that you are engaged in or are about to be engaged in on related areas such as the DAF scheme. You could either take the short-term route of solving some of the issues quite quickly or wrap it all up in a much wider consultation, which would address inconsistencies—we have an inconsistency at the moment between trustees and sequestrations, which has to be resolved one way or another. This thing does not work unless you look at that, and consider where you want to be from a policy point of view.

Eric Leenders:

Blair Nimmo makes a valid point in raising LILA. If we were to take a step back, one of the issues that we could usefully consider is the causes of people's financial difficulty. Right now, it is overwhelmingly income shock because of unemployment. One of the unintended consequences of the bill is, in effect, to create another income-based remedy. A debtor would be making payments to their creditors through this scheme but, because they might not have money available to make those payments, they would be forced into sequestration. I do not know that the scheme necessarily addresses the issue of how to help an individual comprehensively when they face an income shock. That might be a different starting point from which to get to a far more mutually acceptable outcome.

Mary Mulligan:

Ms Grant, I appreciate that the witnesses are being asked specifically about part 2 of the bill, but I want to ask about part 1, which is to do with repossessions in particular. Part of the repossessions discussion was around court protocols for repossessions. Does the Law Society have a view on how we can improve the protocols to protect people?

Rachel Grant:

I am not an expert in the area of repossessions, but the Law Society's response covered various aspects of part 1. From my reading of the bill, I understand that there is consensus that the protocols must be followed to ensure that people are not evicted from their houses inappropriately. I am aware from my own experience that protocols are in place. It is probably just a question of ensuring that the law that is there is followed.

A general point is that giving people more and more information creates information overload, which can only add to the stress of being faced with losing their house. There are protocols to be followed, but it is clear to me, having read through the evidence last night, that making things too complicated for everyone with the intention of protecting the home owner is not necessarily going to protect the home owner. Something more simplistic is sometimes better. I do not know whether that answers your question.

Mary Mulligan:

Thank you for that. I appreciate that the question was on an area that you were not asked to comment on. I just wanted to give you an opportunity to say whether you wanted to add anything to what your written submission said. However, thank you for that attempt, anyway.

Eric Leenders:

We have direct experience of the pre-action protocol through the home loan divisions of the banks, and we would regard that as being very successful. Empirically, while I do not have the absolute figures to hand, a best-guess estimate would be that retail banking groups, applying the pre-action protocol, probably possess something of the order of two properties per 1,000 mortgages outstanding, whereas other sectors possess four, five or six properties per 1,000 mortgages outstanding. The protocol has therefore had a significant impact. The Council of Mortgage Lenders suggests that the aggregate number is of the order of 75,000 possessions across the United Kingdom. The absolute number will fall far short of that, being probably more like 60,000 or 65,000. The protocol has therefore had a beneficial effect. Regrettably, we were not part of the working party that considered that aspect, but I am sure that our colleagues in the Council of Mortgage Lenders, who did participate in the working party, will have fed in that sort of information.

The CML was represented at last week's meeting, but what you said is helpful—thank you very much.

Patricia Ferguson:

I have a question about the role of the Accountant in Bankruptcy. The Scottish Government seems to suggest that the only people who would take the certificate of insolvency route would be those with very limited means, and that therefore the Accountant in Bankruptcy should be the only available trustee in that circumstance. Do any of the witnesses have a comment on that? More specifically, do you think that the Accountant in Bankruptcy is the right place for that role?

Maureen Leslie:

You are right that the certificate of insolvency route leads directly to the appointment of the Accountant in Bankruptcy. If the bill as drafted becomes law and I, as a trustee, put forward a trust deed with a proposal to exclude all or some of the equity in a family home, and that trust deed fails to become protected, I will no longer have the right to present a petition for the individual's sequestration. I would have to sign a certificate of insolvency and the individual would be passed to the office of the Accountant in Bankruptcy. That individual would have been advised by members of my staff over a period and would have formed a relationship with them. Trust deeds are never signed on the basis of one interview. They would have a relationship with and a relative degree of trust in my staff. Under the bill, I would have to hand the matter over to someone else, which is not particularly satisfactory, not only from my point of view, but from the point of view of the people whom I advise.

Blair Nimmo:

I agree with everything that Maureen Leslie said, but I will take it a bit further. The measure was one of the issues that was not part of the DAF consultation at all—the first sign of it was when the bill was produced. We see no reason why it should be the sole domain of the Accountant in Bankruptcy to do that work. The potential for breakage when the proposed but unprotected trust deed finds its way to the Accountant in Bankruptcy for sequestration will not be good for debtors and they will not particularly like it. It will not provide the access to advice that they currently have. We do not think that the Accountant in Bankruptcy can provide the same quality of advice, as it does not have the people with the requisite experience to do so. Ultimately, the measure will result in a cost to the public purse that does not currently exist. In the circumstances, it is bizarre that a process is being suggested that arguably will increase the size of the public sector and which will be a cost to the public purse. At present, there is no such cost, but there would be a cost in respect of the people whom the Accountant in Bankruptcy has to administer.

Eric Leenders:

An alternative might be a panel with prescribed standards. That would get round the potential bottlenecks and pressures and the public purse issues. That could be worked through. There are probably alternative solutions that would be far more acceptable and cost effective.

Rachel Grant:

I agree with Ms Leslie and Mr Nimmo. The bill as drafted envisages that, prior to the Accountant in Bankruptcy being appointed as trustee, somebody who is called an "authorised person" will have a central role, yet we do not know who that authorised person will be, what qualifications they might have and whether they will be regulated or insured. Do we need those people? Who will pay for them? What will be their relationship, if any, with money advisers who deal with the DAS? Why not just use the insolvency practitioner profession, who are already there and who are experienced, qualified, heavily regulated and insured?

A second point that carries on from that is about the test that will have to be fulfilled if somebody is to be certified to go into sequestration—one assumes that it will not be a rubber-stamping exercise, because if it is worth while having an authorised person, I presume that they will have some function. They will have to establish an inability to pay debts as they fall due. That is a new legal concept in personal insolvency, although I think that it has been taken from corporate insolvency. On the face of it, the concept seems simple, but the fact that there have been several cases in the Court of Session in the past two years in which counsel and judges have argued at length about what it means suggests otherwise. If lawyers, IPs and judges have difficulty with the concept or accept that it is not straightforward, how can an authorised person be in a position to make that decision? What happens if that person gets it wrong? What comeback is there? The insolvency professionals are qualified, regulated and insured, so there is protection for debtors. The issue is not clear, because there is not a lot of detail, but there are concerns about the proposal from a legal point of view.

That is very helpful. You have asked what was going to be my second question.

John Wilson:

I want to examine further Mr Nimmo's comments about the additional cost to the public purse. In evidence presented to us last week, we were advised that scrapping advertising in the Edinburgh Gazette could mean a saving of £890,000 to the public purse. Would Mr Nimmo or any of the other witnesses like to hazard a guess at the possible additional cost to the public purse of administering what is in the bill as it is presented?

Blair Nimmo:

That is a very fair point. At one stage during the consultation process, such as it was, and the meetings that we had with Mr Ewing, it was mentioned that the Accountant in Bankruptcy could administer a process for £500. Most of the people around the table felt that that figure was surprising, so they asked for some analysis to support it. The minister agreed to provide us with the costing but, despite several reminders from ICAS, it was never forthcoming. Either the costing does not exist, or the Government is not prepared to provide it for some other reason.

That is indicative of our inability to suggest what the cost might be. We need to understand how what the Accountant in Bankruptcy does at the moment is costed, what it intends to do under the new process, how much of that it will subcontract out and what that will cost. It is quite a complicated equation and our impression is that either no costing exists, or the Government is not prepared to give it to us, so it is hard to answer your question. To move something from the commercial domain, where it exists at no cost to the public purse, into the public domain, could not be achieved at the cost to the public purse that the Government suggests. Such a move would result in a cost, but it is difficult to pinpoint what it would be without more detailed knowledge.

John Wilson:

We could use the £500 figure and the calculations of how many cases would be referred to the Accountant in Bankruptcy to come to some figure. Are you saying that the £500 figure is unrealistic? Is it well short of what would be considered to be the actual cost of processing individual cases?

Blair Nimmo:

Without any detailed assessment, our view is that it seems to be well short of what it would actually cost.

How far short?

Blair Nimmo:

That is impossible to say. A subcontracted case currently has a fairly high cost, even before adding the cost that the Accountant in Bankruptcy incurs in running the operation, and the additional cost of providing the advice that the insolvency practitioner profession provides at the moment but that would no longer be available under the proposals. You would take the subcontracted cost away from the Accountant in Bankruptcy and add it to the commercial profession's costs and the costs of the advice, and the final price could be significant. We could be talking about a multiple of £500.

Would any of the witnesses like to hazard a guess at the number of cases that would be referred to the Accountant in Bankruptcy?

Maureen Leslie:

We have had a look at the bill's financial memorandum. I do not think that our submission is in yet. I understand that the AIB suggested that, if it were passed, the bill would lead to 500 cases. The only experience that I have is of the LILA—low-income, low-assets—scheme. The AIB suggested that there would be a maximum of 2,000 cases, and there were almost 10,000 cases in the first year of operation. Even assuming that the estimate is not quite so wildly out for the bill, there is still a substantial margin for error and we are working on that while looking at the financial provisions for the bill.

If there were 500 cases, and we use the Government's estimate of £500, there would be a saving of roughly £390,000 because of losing the need to advertise in the Edinburgh Gazette.

Rachel Grant:

I have not looked at the issue in detail but a footnote on page 19 of the bill's financial memorandum refers to "£5.298 million" being available

"in each year for money advice services",

which I assume is for the running of such services and training. The authorised persons involved in the new procedure might well be money advice people, but if they are not insolvency practitioners, lawyers or accountants they will need to be trained to some level. I am not an accountant, but that figure jumped out at me and might be important when the committee comes to look at costings. The suggestion that, at £200 per case, the annual overall cost will be £100,000 might seem attractive; however, I assume that people will not make a career out of being an authorised person, so there will always be a steady stream of people coming through. As a result, there will need to be on-going training, the up-front costs of which will always be more expensive.

Even if the Edinburgh Gazette is scrapped, someone will be needed to keep the register of insolvencies updated on a daily basis. That might not cost £890,000, but it will incur some costs. After all, if the register is not updated every day, it will not be worth having.

Blair Nimmo:

The areas are not directly related. If in policy terms it is felt acceptable to stop advertising in the Edinburgh Gazette, that money will be saved come what may, irrespective of what happens in the rest of the process and whether or not the Accountant in Bankruptcy continues as proposed.

I thank the witnesses for attending and giving evidence. It is very much appreciated.